ROTI ® Load 1 (reducing) as well as ROTI ® Load 2 and 3 (non-redu cing) represent special gel loading buffers for protein gel electrophoresis. They have been designed to protect your proteins during sample preparation and to stabilise sensitive peptide bonds. Protein degradation is efficiently prevented by those buffer systems. ROTI ® Load are 4x concentrated ready-to-use solutions, which may be used directly for sample loading. ROTI ® Load 2 4x conc., unreducing Well tested and proven sample buffer for protein gel electrophoresis that has been modified and further developed based on the original formulation acc. to Laemmli ( Nature 227, 1970). For depiction of protein complexes, secondary structures, and for native gels. Formulation acc. to Laemmli (modified) Stabilises peptide bands For protein complexes and secondary structures For native gels Directions for use ROTI ® Load protein gel loading buffers are usually used as 1x concentrated solution. ROTI ® Load can either be added to the prepared sample or the precipitated proteins are dissolved directly into ROTI ® Load. Optionally, heat the ROTI ® Load mixed sample to 95 °C for 5 minutes to break hydrogen bonds and stretch the peptide chains. ROTI ® Load 2 prevents degradation of proteins while heating during sample preparation, additionally keeping the sample pH value constant during gel electrophoresis. Being a phosphate-buffered ready-to-use solution, ROTI ® Load 2 already contains all necessary denaturing reagents, bromophenol blue as dye and glycerol as density increasing reagent. ROTI ® Load 2 may be supplemented with 20 µl/ml DTT solution (1 M), in order to gain a loading buffer using DTT as reducing reagent rather than β-Mercaptoethanol.